Prometheus increase vs rate python. yml) of 15s, a data point is pulled every 15 seconds. rate()和 increase()两个函数的外推经常让人混淆。例如,对于只有整数增量的counter,increase() 也可能返回非整数结果,如2. ”。. rate (go_gc_duration_seconds_count [5m]) Gauge is a number which can either go up or down. Conclusion Jul 17, 2022 · Viewed 3k times. The calculator counts: Cardinality Memory - how much memory Prometheus needs for various series Cortex vs. See this issue, this comment and this article for details. request_counter - create a metric with the name http_requests, type Counter, and add two labels to it – status_code and instance. When I was starting out writing PromQL things, I found people singing the praises of each of them and sometimes suggesting that Now rate over 5m will be: (780-0)/5/60 = 2. Where Prometheus differs from other other monitoring systems is Apr 8, 2016 · Prometheus takes the third approach. In Prometheus, our example above would have different buckets: <=10, <=100 and <=1000. aiohttp is to be used on top of asyncio. Below is an example of a full-fledged Prometheus metric exposition, including comments, HELP and TYPE expressions, a histogram, a summary, character escaping examples, and more. At each scrape Prometheus takes a sample of this state. Mar 18, 2021 · 1. 这种方式可以避免在时间窗口范围内的“长尾问题”,并且体现出更好的灵敏度,通过irate函数绘制的图标能够更好的反应样本数据的瞬时变化状态。. Sep 25, 2020 · While Prometheus doesn't provide the reliable and easy to use solution for these issues, other Prometheus-like systems may have the solution. Each container reports (using prometheus-python client library) its total requests. To start Prometheus with your newly created configuration file, change to the directory containing the Prometheus binary and run: # Start Prometheus. Note that the number of observations (showing up in Prometheus as a time series Dec 13, 2023 · Types of Prometheus Metrics. /prometheus --config. Prometheus was developed at Soundcloud and was inspired by Google's Borgmon. yml file Aug 7, 2021 · 1 Answer. // valBits contains the bits of the represented float64 value, while. @Scheduled(fixedDelay = 5000) public void increaseCounter() { ordersCreatedCounter. http_requests_total is a counter, because of some reasons, I need to use max_over_time to get a normal growth curve: Then I want to use rate to handle result of max_over_time, e. It divides the sum of request durations by the number of requests and gets the average request duration over the last 5 minutes. 在上一篇《深入理解Prometheus metric type》已经介绍了Counter类型,其值只会上升,它表示累积的总计数,例如“我们总共处理了多少请求?. Oct 12, 2023 · The rate () function in PromQL is essential for calculating the per-second average rate of change of a metric over time. Prometheus developers are going to fix these issues - see this design doc. For instance, if you have a scrape interval (configured from prometheus. Jun 26, 2023 · We also mount a prometheus. For each series in the WAL, the remote write code caches a mapping of series ID to label values, causing large amounts of series churn to significantly increase Feb 25, 2023 · Here we: start_http_server () - start the HTTP server of the exporter itself on port 9000. 重启后很长时间某种label的指标数据才开始增加为0. "The increase is extrapolated to cover the full time range as specified in the range vector selector, so that it is possible to get a non-integer result even if a counter Sep 14, 2023 · Grafana Mimir wins on scalability. There's usually also the exact utilities to make it easy to time things as there are for summarys. Therefore, since I have 2 replicas, when querying in prometheus dashboard for my_metric_request I get 2 time series (one for each pod) Apr 27, 2020 · Prometheusとその問い合わせ言語であるPromQLは、保持しているデータに対して様々な計算を行うための関数を数多く持っています。最も広く使われている関数の1つは rate() 関数ですが、最も間違った理解をされている関数の1つでもあります。 Avoiding slow queries and overloads. increase = v2 - v1 = 694041. These metric types fulfill the needs or requirements for most use cases, and are found in Prometheus’ official client May 20, 2019 · Figure 1 – query result for our counter metric. In this case, it calculates the average rate of increase over the last 24 hours. Gauge: This represents a value that can go up or down, like temperature or current memory usage. Using remote write increases the memory footprint of Prometheus. Hi, sorry, was away for some weeks. /data (flag --storage. If you take a look at the declaration of counter metrics type from prometheus/client_golang. * 60 * 60: This part converts the rate from per-second to per-hour, as we are calculating the average increase over a 24-hour period. So with: with delta you'll probably get 40 - 5 = 35, while increase will probably calculate something similar to (28-5)+40 = 63. The result of an expression can either be shown as a graph, viewed as tabular data in Prometheus's expression browser, or consumed by external rate () versus. Prometheus's functional query language, PromQL, is both robust and expressive, allowing users to extract intricate details from their metrics. 8 - 694002. In this case you need to add the following relabeling rules into metric_relabel_configs section at the corresponding scrape_config: metric_relabel_configs: - source_labels: [__name__, name] regex: "node_systemd_unit_state;(. Jan 21, 2022 · The changes () function in Prometheus can be used instead of increase () function if you are sure that the counter stays the same or is incremented by 1 between scrapes. Jul 19, 2021 · Well, there’s not a fixed rule for making such decision. 深入理解Prometheus rate irate increase. Mar 24, 2021 · I have a sample web app written in python. This makes going from alert to console to code easy when Dec 2, 2019 · Metric types. Grafana can leverage PromQL as well. Prometheus provides a functional query language called PromQL (Prometheus Query Language) that lets the user select and aggregate time series data in real time. Prometheus provides histogram_quantile function for calculating quantiles over histogram buckets. First things first. Cortex and Thanos are similar in that they offer: A Prometheus-compatible global query view of all time-series data collected across all your Prometheus servers; Long-term storage backed by inexpensive object storage, such as Amazon S3 Oct 2, 2020 · It calculates the the number of requests over the last 5 minutes with the increase () function. In this post we will create a `counter`. Paired with Prometheus Histograms we have incredible fidelity into Rate and Duration in a single view, showing data we can’t get with simple p* quantiles alone. Sorted by: 2. This means the first bucket is a counter of observations less than or equal to 0. Jun 23, 2020 · Note: I accidentally used rate instead of increase when recording the animation for the heat map. scheme: http. Quote from Prometheus Count and sum of observations doc: To calculate the average request duration during the last 5 minutes from a histogram or summary called http_request_duration_seconds, use the following expression: rate (http_request_duration_seconds_sum [5m]) / rate (http_request_duration_seconds_count [5m]) I should Oct 8, 2018 · Unfortunately, Prometheus may miss some increases for slow-changing counter when calculating rate() as shown in the original question above. # TYPE http_requests_total counter. People often calculate the CPU utilisation by the following PromQL expression: (100 - (avg by (instance) (rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="idle"}[1m])) * 100)) I don't understand how calculating the per second change of non-idle time is equivalent to Feb 4, 2020 · Some particularly useful functions are delta, increase, and rate. queue_config: max_shards: 100 capacity: 5000 max_samples_per_send: 1000. May 5, 2023 · In Prometheus, the rate () function is used to calculate the per-second average rate of increase in a time series over a given time range. invalid parameter "query": 1:69: parse error: ranges only allowed for vector selectors. Every library, subsystem and service should have at least a few metrics to give you a rough idea of how it is performing. This may change in the future. If the metric can have either 0 or 1 values, then the sum_over_time (metric [d]) calculates the number of 1 values on the specified lookbehind window d. It's commonly used for monitoring trends, such as server request rates and CPU usage. The four types of metrics collected by Prometheus as part of its exposition format include Counters, Gauges, Histograms, and Summaries. In the meantime you can use VictoriaMetrics - this is Prometheus-like monitoring solution I work on. Remember, this blog post only scratches the surface. The "sum_over_time" function calculates the sum of all values in the specified interval. Fortunately, Prometheus provides 4 different types of metrics which work in most situations, all wrapped up in a convenient client library. Instantiate the metric classes in the same file you use them. Rate is a measure of the change in a value per unit of time. They are typically used to track the number of requests, errors, or other events. These metrics are collected using a pull model where Prometheus scrapes HTTP endpoints that expose these metrics. The buckets are cumulative. Grafana supports visualizing Prometheus histogram buckets via Heatmap panel. PromQL is a versatile and powerful query language that empowers users to extract valuable insights from Prometheus metrics. The rate () function works by taking a time series as input Mar 2, 2023 · In summary, counters in Prometheus are used to represent monotonically increasing values that track cumulative events or occurrences over time. By mastering the basics covered in this cheat sheet, you'll be well-equipped to explore and analyze your monitoring data effectively. 33. And irate over 5m will be (only last two data points are used which happen to be only 1m apart) (780-720)/1/60 = 1/sec. Oct 31, 2023 · Step 2: Import Required Modules. Instrumentation should be an integral part of your code. ”或“我们花了多少秒处理请求?. Two of the most popular integrations follow this pattern: Cortex and Thanos. Nov 6, 2017 · To get the accurate total requests in a period of time, we can use offset: http_requests_total - http_requests_total offset 24h. # By default, Prometheus stores its database in . A counter is a cumulative metric that represents a single monotonically increasing counter whose value can only increase or be reset to zero on restart. May 31, 2022 · At Mercari US we use Prometheus and Grafana for monitoring metrics. For example, the following MetricsQL query returns the maximum, the minimum and the average per-second increase rates for messages_in_total time series for the last 24 hours: rollup_rate(messages_in_total Dec 26, 2016 · The Prometheus gauge is essentially the same simple idea as gauges in other monitoring systems. I wont go into all the details described here at the Feb 5, 2021 · February 5, 2021 · Tom Gregory. scrape_interval: 5m. 0: last_over_time(. 5, the second bucket is a counter of observations less than or equal to 1, etc. rate () calculates the amount of events per second (from a counter, that is incemented for every single event) avg () is an aggregation operator to calculate one timeline out of multiple. Apr 14, 2022 · Prometheus Metrics. counter resets, when the counter is reset to zero. That is, even if your counter values were accurate, you would get the number of deployments happening per second (during the past 24 hours), and not per day. 使用我们上面提到的 Feb 2, 2021 · 2 Answers. Range vector selector cannot be applied on another query (derived value). Jun 24, 2020 · irate函数是通过区间向量中最后两个样本数据来计算区间向量的增长速率。. 4. Analyzing your data I think you used [30s] for the "increase" and [1m] for the "rate" (the correct used values are important to the result). 36. Currently, libraries exist for Go, Java, Python, and Ruby. 但是它们的计算方法有所不同:irate取的是在指定时间范围内的最近两个数据点来算速率,而rate会取指定时间范围内所有数据点,算出一组速率,然后取平均值作为结果 Jul 7, 2022 · Summing up, Prometheus and OpenTelemetry provide metrics implementations with slightly different angles. Here's how to set it up: Install The short answer is to instrument everything. So the better approach would be to calculate rate (metric_total [$__interval]) - it returns the real average per-second increase rate for metric_total over the given Nov 26, 2019 · 1. It depends on what you’re going to show and what you want to highlight. The value of a counter can only increase over time, and it resets to 0 when the Prometheus server or exporter restarts. All on-demand videos can be found here: The GrafanaCONline schedule is here: https://grafana. If "metric1" has label "labelA" with "A" and "B" values, and "metric2" also has label "labelA" but with "C" and "D" values, "metric1 Sep 15, 2023 · Prometheus is gaining popularity as a monitoring tool for Python applications, even though it was originally designed for single-process multi-threaded applications, not multi-process applications. You would use this when you want to view how your server CPU usage has increased over a time range or how many requests come in over a time range and how that number increases. Each bucket contains the counts of all prior buckets. Before we understand this, we first must understand what a times series means. Sometimes Prometheus can return unexpected results from rate() and increase() because of the chosen data model. First of all, the rate () function calculate the per-second rate of increase of a counter. Ideal for tracking the number of requests, tasks completed, or errors. Prometheus should start up. 8 and 694002. type counter struct {. Next, let’s adjust the sample app to increase the counter every few seconds. 重启时间有点长. This issue is addressed in VictoriaMetrics - Prometheus-like monitoring system I work on - see this comment and this Jul 16, 2021 · A late answer for others' benefit too: If you're wanting to just monitor the percentage of CPU that the prometheus process uses, you can use process_cpu_seconds_total, e. The rate () function can be used to calculate the rate of increase in metrics such as requests per second, bytes per second, or errors per second. Nov 21, 2020 · Nov 21, 2020. Like summary metrics, histogram metrics are used to track the size of events, usually how long they take, via their observe method. Comparision of Prometheus rate () vs irate () vs increase (). Sep 30, 2019 · A histogram is a combination of various counters. Prometheus is regularly scraping your service for metrics though, and when your gauge’s current value is returned Prometheus stores Jan 3, 2023 · 1 Answer. PromQL uses two types of arguments - range and instant vectors. In the above example, each bucket was exclusive of the values on either side. For example, this expression returns the unused memory in MiB for every instance (on a fictional cluster scheduler exposing these metrics about the instances it runs): (instance_memory_limit_bytes - instance_memory_usage_bytes) / 1024 / 1024. Jul 24, 2020 · 1. something like: avg by (instance) (irate(process_cpu_seconds_total{job="prometheus"}[1m])) However, if you want a general monitor of the machine CPU as I suspect you might Dec 11, 2020 · Prometheus is an open-source systems monitoring and alerting toolkit originally built at SoundCloud. See this issue. Most users report ~25% increased memory usage, but that number is dependent on the shape of the data. g. Still, it also supports traces and logs with the same SDK. Sorted by: 6. Suppose you have the following data series in the specified interval: Dec 21, 2020 · Both rate() and increase() properly handle e. The request was passed down through four different services in about 18 milliseconds, and there is a lot of detail about how the request is handled. This may result in smaller than expected increase () results. They track the number of observations and the sum of the observed values, allowing you to calculate the average of the observed values. One popular library is prometheus_client. 在label组合比较少的情况下,可以都初始化所有label组合的指标数据为0. Dec 8, 2023 · How to use rate to handle max_over_time. Sep 3, 2023 · irate () increase () When to use what. Prometheus uses PromQL as a query language on the backend. yaml. Mar 1, 2022 · A summary is a metric type in Prometheus that can be used to monitor latencies (or other distributions like request sizes). By using offset, the value is always integer because it just calculates the difference between start and end. Gauges can go up and down over time, and scrapes take a snapshot of the current value. increase and rate operate on counters and return the amount the counter has increased over the specified time. Refresh the page, check Medium ’s site status, or find something interesting to read. . Prometheus Histograms on a heatmap ( screenshot by author) I’m a big fan of Grafana’s heatmaps for their rich visualization of time-based distributions. The rate() function in Prometheus looks at the history of time series over a time period, and calculates how fast it's increasing per second. The script that creates the metrics takes 3 minutes to finish, but from prometheus I don't see the metrics. // valInt stores values that are exact integers. true. ) The missed increases were 3 and 8. yml in the same directory as the docker-compose. Alerts in Prometheus are defined using the same query language, ensuring precision. tsdb. Now, asyncio is running something called an "event loop" which runs inside a single thread ( usually the main thread) You can look at it as an entity that decides to Apr 2, 2020 · 10. delta will fail when your counter will be reset (when it will start counting from 0 again), while increase / rate will detect that and adjust result accordingly. With this syntax the inner query is Aug 10, 2023 · For stored Prometheus metrics, PromQL is the main way to query and retrieve the results you are looking for. But when using the increase function, it doesn't show "10", but shows "12" instead. 6. We only recommend using the Pushgateway in certain limited cases. For example, a blackbox test that alerts are getting from PushGateway to Prometheus to Nov 3, 2021 · 1 Answer. So query like avg_over_time (rate (metric_name [4m]) [4m]) doesnt work. Aug 21, 2023 · From the above data, for the 1-minute time range the starting value and ending values are 694041. Prometheus developers are aware of these issues and are going to fix them eventually - see these design docs. Which is to say: increase always misses the initial increase from the origin. Histogram vs Summary. They are completely different functionalities. Let’s calculate increase function. The values that were less than or equal to 10 only appeared in the <=10 bucket and not in any of the others. It inherits some assumptions from Borgmon, including straightforward Feb 28, 2023 · And would also explain why (considering the fact that rate() extrapolates to the edges of the interval) you get about 2x the expected rate: Prometheus finds 2 samples one minute apart, with an increase of 1; and extrapolates that to an increase of 2 over 2 minutes. The relative difference between the buckets is the same, so the resulting heatmap will have the same appearance. It sets it to 1 per each successful scrape and sets it to 0 otherwise. 6/sec. The client does no other calculations. rate () is function to specify the time window for the quantile calculation. The metrics must have the same labels and values. See these docs for details. Queries above may return multiple results if http_server_request_config_seconds metric is scraped from multiple targets. In Prometheus, rate and increase are two metrics that are often used to measure the change in a value over time. increment(); } Refreshing the Prometheus query, we can see that the value increases as expected. In your Python script, import the necessary modules from the Prometheus Client library: from prometheus_client import start_http_server, Counter, Gauge. delta operates on gauges and returns the difference between the start and end of the range. # HELP http_requests_total The total number of HTTP requests. Range vectors have a time dimension, while instant vectors represent the Apr 7, 2019 · In Prometheus, rate or irate functions calculate the rate of change in a vector array. increase will extrapolate the range so that we can see float number in the result. As you’ve seen, the range interval play an important role in this calc. Querying. This can handle multiple Nov 2, 2023 · In below case, 10 has been added to the counter, so the value changed from 14 to 24. The following is based on my understanding on asyncio and the way the official prometheus client describes how it exposes metrics. Histograms and summaries both sample observations, typically request durations or response sizes. The increase () function in Prometheus may return fractional results Mar 26, 2020 · increase ()函数其实在大多数场景下是没啥问题的,只在下面两种场景下有可能有问题。. Thanos. Increasing the resolution does not affect the irate function because the last two observed values do not change when you look further back. The Prometheus server does not yet make use of the type information and flattens all data into untyped time series. It looks like histogram support is great in Prometheus ecosystem: Prometheus client libraries provide Histogram metrics. Note also that increase () in Prometheus misses the difference between the first raw sample on the selected time range and the previous sample before the selected time range. There are four primary Prometheus metric types PromQL can query: counters, gauges, histograms, and summaries. 44 = 39. Count and sum of observations. Prometheus instrumentation library for Python applications - prometheus/client_python Mar 2, 2019 · Prometheus automatically generates up metric per each scrape target. In the prometheus configuration I have a job with these specs: - job_name: name_of_my_job. Jan 17, 2019 · Prometheus allows renaming labels in the following places: During metric scrape. After a minute’s worth of running, you will see the following output. That means your service always returns to Prometheus the current value of whatever it is you’re measuring. These are built on Prometheus’s counter metric type and each bucket is prometheus的irate和rate区别. path). webServer - run a regular HTTP server on Python on port 8080. Mar 17, 2021 · The "increase" function calculates how much some counter has grown and the "rate" function calculates the amount per second the measure grows. irate和rate都会用于计算某个指标在一定时间间隔内的变化速率。. irate () is more susceptible to data variations, while rate () gives us an overall traffic trend of our application. metrics_path: /metrics. If that percentile is 120ms that means that 95% of the calls were faster than 120ms, and 5 The avg_over_time (rate (metric_total [5m]) [$__interval:]) calculates average of average rates. Jan 24, 2022 · Prometheus calculates rate(m[d]) as increase(m[d]) / d, so rate() results may be also unexpected sometimes. Counter. Text format example. Range vector - a set of time series containing a range of data. A Prometheus gauge is a specific type of metric used for measurements. The rate is the average increase per second for the interval. 16556336s file=remote-write Feb 15, 2022 · Bytes per Sample - there is query rate (prometheus_tsdb_compaction_chunk_size_bytes_sum [1d])/rate (prometheus_tsdb_compaction_chunk_samples_sum [1d]) which again, in my case return multiple series. This uses prometheus. The same expression, but summed by application, could be written like this: Oct 17, 2023 · Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. Mar 3, 2021 · Prometheus选择的方法是在所提供的采样周期中通过有限的数据,来提供平均下来最正确的答案。让我们来看看它是如何做到这点的。 数据外推. Prometheus's PromQL query language has two quite similar functions for calculating the rate of things (well, of counters), rate () and irate () . A counter starts at 0, and is incremented. This is quite an abstract excerpt of the Prometheus documentation. You can ofcourse create different types of prometheus metrics depending on your use-case. If you want to calculate the number of deployments during the past 24 hours, there's Jan 25, 2021 · The slide above highlights a Prometheus query that’s hitting Cortex, the scalable Prometheus project that has advanced to incubation within CNCF. updated which has the following remote write queue config. Oct 21, 2022 · Now that we have determined the common denominator between a histogram and a summary, lets go one step further and explain their differences in regards to Prometheus. prometheus-remote-write-to-local-server-remote-write-receiver-1 | count=30 time_spent=58. Although we’ll be looking at the Java version in this article, the concepts you’ll learn will translate to the other languages too. Basically, for example, in time 2m we have: May 6, 2020 · 5. So the following query can be used for estimating the total uptime in seconds per each scrape target during the last 24 hours: Jul 2, 2021 · Instant vector - a set of time series containing a single sample for each time series, all sharing the same timestamp. The rate () function in PromQL takes the history of metrics over a time frame and calculates how fast the value is increasing per second. +)" Jun 15, 2017 · Prometheus implements histograms as cumulative histograms. yml. This can be fixed by using negative offset, which has been enabled by default in Prometheus 2. Rate is applicable on counter values only. scrape_timeout: 30s. 44 respectively. This was a session GrafanaCONline 2020. You’re querying with a 1m interval (the ‘ [1m]’ suffix on your query), you. If "metric1" has labels "labelA" and "labelB", and "metric2" has labels "labelA" and "labelC", "metric1 + metric2" will return nothing. It is now a standalone open source project and maintained independently of any company. Prometheus primarily deals with four types of metrics: Counter: A metric that only increases or resets to zero on restart. Step 4: Configure Prometheus Create a file named prometheus. It take max () because it is worst case scenario. For this you need to use subquery [<duration>:<resolution>]. yml configuration file to the Prometheus container. the time bucket from 00:10 to 00:20 will show the countmetrics increase from 00:00 to 00:10. This isn't a good metric, since average of averages doesn't equal to average. If the counter is incremented by more than 1, then changes () will return lower results than increase (). the Python Prometheus client configures 15 buckets: le 5ms, 10ms, 25ms, 50ms, 75ms, 100ms, 250ms, 500ms, 750ms, 1000ms Aug 6, 2020 · The "increase" function calculates how much a counter increased in the specified interval. Prometheus histograms are cumulative. From our calculation, the change of value in the 1-minute time range is 39. The number of 0 values then can be calculates as count_over_time (up [1h]) - sum_over Nov 21, 2016 · Range vector selector (metric_name [4m]), selects ranges of time directly from the TSDB (raw value). Since its inception in 2012, many companies and organizations have adopted Prometheus, and the project has a very active developer and user community. Memory usage. irate (node_cpu[ 2 m]) irate函数相比于rate Jul 22, 2019 · 1 Answer. The same applies to increase() calculations. For example, you can use a counter to Oct 11, 2023 · The Prometheus rate function is the process of calculating the average per second rate of value increases. The official documentation has a nice summary table of the differences between histograms and summaries. Jun 29, 2022 · 一つには、例えばPythonのClient Libraryを使うとして、Client Libraryに10個くらい標準でついてくるpython_gc_collections_totalみたいなメトリクスがウザい。Prometheusのディスク領域を使うし、こいつを無視するというのを読む側で認識しなければいけないのが手間である。 . com/about/events/grafana Nov 18, 2023 · This function calculates the average over the specified range. Sep 27, 2023 · To integrate Prometheus with your Python application, you’ll need to use a Prometheus client library for Python. Both have to go first. There's no potential for messing around with moving averages or resets, as there is with counters. 由于计数器的值取决于跟踪和公开它的进程的初始 Sep 2, 2020 · sum(increase(countmetrics[10m]))[5h:10m] ) Note that query results will be shifted by 10 minutes in the future, e. 解决方案:. For example, when you monitor a REST endpoint you can use a summary and configure it to provide the 95th percentile of the latency. Let's compare our output with prometheus output. file=prometheus. Oct 11, 2023 · That is, it will see a total increase on the first pod of 12 + 6 = 18, and on the second pod of 5 + 6 = 11, vs the actual total increases that were 21 and 19. irate () in Prometheus (and Grafana) November 5, 2018. While Prometheus is the de facto standard, covering metrics creation, storage, and query, OpenTelemetry is newer, covering only the generation of metrics. Accordingly, have alerts to ensure that Prometheus servers, Alertmanagers, PushGateways, and other monitoring infrastructure are available and running correctly. However, there is a subtle difference between the two metrics, which can be confusing for new users. Where they differ is their handling of quantiles. As always, if it is possible to alert on symptoms rather than causes, this helps to reduce noise. There are several pitfalls when blindly using the Pushgateway instead of Prometheus's usual pull model for general metrics collection: When monitoring multiple instances through a single Pushgateway, the Pushgateway becomes both a single point of failure and a potential bottleneck. For example, sum_over_time (up [1h]) returns the number of up samples with 1 value during the last hour. Each takes a range vector as input and returns an instant vector. zn jj cy gs ua zq aj tn bm tg